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<h2 id="题型"><a href="#题型" class="headerlink" title="题型"></a>题型</h2><p>单选 20题1分</p>
<p>填空 20题1分</p>
<p>判断 10题1分</p>
<p>简答 5题 6分</p>
<p>综合题 2题 10分</p>
<blockquote>
<p>分数不确定</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="内容"><a href="#内容" class="headerlink" title="内容"></a>内容</h2><h3 id="计算机发展简史"><a href="#计算机发展简史" class="headerlink" title="计算机发展简史"></a>计算机发展简史</h3><p>第一代计算机 电子管</p>
<p>第二代计算机 晶体管 磁芯存储器 汇编语言 高级语言</p>
<p>第三代计算机 集成电路 半导体存储器</p>
<p>第四代计算机 超大规模集成电路</p>
<p>103机是第一代计算机 电子管</p>
<p>计算机的特点：</p>
<ol>
<li>运算速度快</li>
<li>运算精度高</li>
<li>记忆能力强</li>
<li>判断能力好</li>
<li>按存储程序自动运行</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="计算机中的数据表示"><a href="#计算机中的数据表示" class="headerlink" title="计算机中的数据表示"></a>计算机中的数据表示</h3><p>进制：基数（如二进制位2） 位权（不同位置的数码代表的数值大小）</p>
<p>后缀或前缀法：</p>
<ul>
<li>B 二进制</li>
<li>O 八进制</li>
<li>D 十进制</li>
<li>H 十六机制</li>
</ul>
<p>角标法：如（101）2</p>
<p>所有进制转换：</p>
<ul>
<li>除二取余法</li>
<li>乘二取整法</li>
<li>按位权展开相加</li>
<li>……</li>
</ul>
<p>机器数</p>
<p>符号位第一位 0正1负</p>
<p>原码、反码（正数反码和原码相同；负数的反码符号位不变，数值位取反）、补码（正数补码和原码相同；负数的补码在反码某位加一）</p>
<p>补码的补码是源码</p>
<p>PS：在计算的时候补码不要忘记加一（因为我复习的时候犯错了QAQ）</p>
<p>补码的十进制0的编码唯一（原码、反码不唯一）</p>
<p>小数点的位置：定点数、浮点数</p>
<p>浮点数的存储形式及其计算</p>
<p>ASCII码标准（最高位为0）7位128的字符 8位256份字符</p>
<p>汉字输入码（输入）、汉字机内码、汉字字形码（打印）</p>
<p>汉字机内码字节首位为1，国标码字节首位为0</p>
<p>图像数据：</p>
<ul>
<li>图形（矢量图）.3ds .dxf .wmf</li>
<li>图像 bmp(没有压缩) jpg（压缩）</li>
<li>视频</li>
<li>动画</li>
</ul>
<p>声音数据：</p>
<ul>
<li>振幅db 频率 hz</li>
<li>数字化声音的数据量 &#x3D; 采样频率 x 量化精度 x 声道数 x 声音持续时间 ÷ 8</li>
<li>wav 未压缩 很大</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="计算机硬件知识"><a href="#计算机硬件知识" class="headerlink" title="计算机硬件知识"></a>计算机硬件知识</h3><p>冯诺依曼型计算机：</p>
<ol>
<li>二进制</li>
<li>存储程序和数据在存储器中</li>
<li>5个基本组成部分 运算器 控制器 存储器 输入及输出设备<br>注意这里没有写主板这种东西，不要混淆</li>
</ol>
<p>一个完整的计算机系统包括硬件系统和软件系统</p>
<p>中央处理器 &#x3D; 控制器 + 运算器 + 寄存器</p>
<p>CPU性能指标：兼容性、字长、主频</p>
<p>存储器：内存、外存</p>
<p>内存：</p>
<ol>
<li>随机存取存储器RAM<ul>
<li>静态随机存取存储器（SRAM)</li>
<li>动态随机存取存储器（DRAM）</li>
<li>同步动态随机存取存储器（SDRAM）<ul>
<li>单倍数据速率SDRAM</li>
<li>双倍数据速率SDRAM（DDR）</li>
<li>4倍数据速率SDRAM</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>只读存储器（ROM)<br>里面有个快闪存储器（闪存），u盘正基于此</li>
<li>高速缓存（cache）</li>
</ol>
<p>外存：</p>
<ol>
<li>软盘</li>
<li>硬盘<br>存储容量 &#x3D; 磁头数 × 柱面数 × 每磁道扇区数 × 每扇区字节数</li>
<li>固态硬盘（SSD）<br>存储介质：快闪存储器（闪存）、动态随机存取存储器（DRAM）</li>
<li>光盘</li>
<li>u盘：闪存技术</li>
</ol>
<p>主板：</p>
<ol>
<li>芯片部分<ul>
<li>芯片组<ul>
<li>北桥芯片：现在移入CPU了</li>
<li>南桥芯片：负责CPU与硬盘、u盘、集成网卡等低速设备之间的数据传输</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RAID控制芯片</li>
<li>BIOS芯片：BIOS为基本输入输出系统</li>
<li>CMOS芯片</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>扩展槽部分：CPU插座、内存插槽、总线扩展插槽</li>
<li>对外接口部分：连接输入输出部分，如SATA接口</li>
</ol>
<p>总线：将数据从一个或多个源部件传输到一个或多个目的部件的一组传输线，是计算机中传输数据的公共通道</p>
<ul>
<li>内部总线：芯片内部元件连接</li>
<li>系统总线：连接CPU、内存和各种输入输出接口<ul>
<li>数据总线</li>
<li>地址总线</li>
<li>控制总线</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>外部总线：外设之间的连接</li>
</ul>
<p>CISC是复杂指令集计算机：Intel AMD</p>
<p>RISC是精简指令集计算机：ARM</p>
<p>流水线技术：（计算机执行指令步骤：取指令、分析指令、执行指令，就三个步骤流水线就是了）</p>
<p>必行处理技术：多核计算机、多处理器计算机、机群系统</p>
<h3 id="操作系统知识"><a href="#操作系统知识" class="headerlink" title="操作系统知识"></a>操作系统知识</h3><p>操作系统是对计算机资源管理进行管理的软件</p>
<p>形成</p>
<ol>
<li>批处理操作系统</li>
<li>分时操作系统</li>
<li>实时操作系统</li>
<li>通用操作系统：同时具有分时、实时和批处理功能，如Windows</li>
</ol>
<p>发展</p>
<ol>
<li>微机操作系统</li>
<li>多处理器操作系统</li>
<li>网络操作系统</li>
<li>分布式操作系统</li>
<li>嵌入式操作系统</li>
</ol>
<p>特征：并发性、共享性、虚拟性、异步性</p>
<p>现代操作系统最基本的两个特征是并发性、共享性</p>
<p>操作系统的功能：</p>
<ol>
<li>处理器管理功能：<ul>
<li>进程控制</li>
<li>进程同步</li>
<li>进程通信</li>
<li>处理器调度</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>存储器管理功能<ul>
<li>内存分配</li>
<li>内存保护</li>
<li>地址映射</li>
<li>内存扩充</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>设备管理功能<ul>
<li>缓冲区管理</li>
<li>设备分配</li>
<li>设备驱动调度</li>
<li>设备独立性</li>
<li>虚拟设备</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>文件管理功能<br>文件的安全保护：<ul>
<li>FAT32：不支持4GB以上单个文件，分区最大为32GB</li>
<li>exFAT：没有4GB单文件限制，只适用于闪存等移动设备</li>
<li>NTFS：没有4GB单文件限制，分区可达2TB</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>网络与通信管理功能</li>
</ol>
<p>操作系统实例</p>
<ul>
<li>CP&#x2F;M操作系统</li>
<li>DOS操作系统</li>
<li>Windows：单用户多任务</li>
<li>macOS</li>
<li>UNIX：典型的多用户多任务操作系统</li>
<li>Linux：多用户多任务</li>
<li>VxWorks：嵌入式操作系统</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="程序设计知识"><a href="#程序设计知识" class="headerlink" title="程序设计知识"></a>程序设计知识</h3><p>算法的特征：</p>
<ol>
<li>有穷性</li>
<li>确定性</li>
<li>可行性</li>
<li>输入及输出</li>
</ol>
<p>算法的评价标准：</p>
<ol>
<li>正确性</li>
<li>时间复度度</li>
<li>空间复杂度</li>
<li>可理解性</li>
</ol>
<p>数据：数据项、数据元素、数据对象、数据结构（互相之间存在着一种或多种关系的数据元素的集合）</p>
<p>基本结构：</p>
<ol>
<li>线性结构：线性表、栈、队列、数组</li>
<li>树形结构：树、二叉树、森林、字典</li>
<li>图状结构</li>
</ol>
<p>数据的存储结构：顺序存储（结构）方法、链式存储（结构）方法</p>
<p>二叉树重要，要会画图</p>
<p>图的存储结构：</p>
<ol>
<li>邻接矩阵</li>
<li>邻接表</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>都是n×n，用0和1表示是否连接</p>
</blockquote>
<p>编译程序：把高级语言源程序翻译成等价的机器语言程序的翻译程序</p>
<p>解释程序：才用边翻译边执行的解释执行方式</p>
<h3 id="软件开发知识"><a href="#软件开发知识" class="headerlink" title="软件开发知识"></a>软件开发知识</h3><p>系统软件：操作系统、语言翻译程序、数据库管理系统（MySQL、Oracle、SQL Sever、Access、DB2）</p>
<p>关系数据库：数据库（database DB）是长期存储在计算机内的、有组织的、可共享的数据集合、</p>
<p>数据库管理系统（DBMS）是位于用户和操作系统之间的一层数据管理软件</p>
<p>关系数据库语言：结构化数据库语言 SQL</p>
<p>数据库设计：</p>
<ol>
<li>需求分析</li>
<li>概念结构设计</li>
<li>逻辑结构设计</li>
<li>物理结构设计</li>
<li>数据库实施</li>
<li>数据库运行和维护</li>
</ol>
<p>分布式数据库</p>
<p>大数据的特定（4v特点）：</p>
<ol>
<li>数据量大</li>
<li>类型多样</li>
<li>处理速度快</li>
<li>价值大</li>
</ol>
<p>软件危机是指在软件开发中出现的一系列问题</p>
<p>软件工程的出现是由于软件危机的出现</p>
<p>软件开发的复杂性</p>
<p>软件开发方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>生命周期法：<ul>
<li>用户参与的原则</li>
<li>先逻辑后物理的原则</li>
<li>自顶向下的原则</li>
<li>工作成果描述标准化原则</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>快速原型法</li>
<li>面向对象法</li>
<li>敏捷开发方法</li>
<li>微软过程：规划、设计、开发、稳定、发布</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="计算机网络知识"><a href="#计算机网络知识" class="headerlink" title="计算机网络知识"></a>计算机网络知识</h3><p>早期发展阶段：ARPAnet（阿帕网）</p>
<p>分类：个人局域网（PAN）、局域网（LAN）、（城域网）、广域网（WAN）、互联网（可以看作最大范围的广域网）</p>
<p>拓扑结构：</p>
<ol>
<li>星形结构</li>
<li>总线结构</li>
<li>环形结构</li>
<li>树形结构</li>
<li>网状结构</li>
</ol>
<p>计算机网络的功能：</p>
<ol>
<li>资源共享</li>
<li>数据通信</li>
<li>协同工作</li>
</ol>
<p>光纤组成光缆</p>
<ul>
<li>优点：容量大、传输速度快、传输距离长、抗干扰能力强</li>
<li>缺点：连接比较困难</li>
</ul>
<p>计算机网络体系结构：计算机之间相互通信的层次、各层次中的协议和层次之间接口的集合</p>
<p>层次结构的优点：是每一层实现相对独立的功能，每一层不必知道下一层功能实现的细节</p>
<p>开放系统互联参考模型（OSI&#x2F;RM)由国际标准化组织（ISO）制定</p>
<p>ICP&#x2F;IP参考模型</p>
<p>TCP传输控制协议 UDP用户数据报协议</p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677cea87b1445.jpg" alt="1.jpg"></p>
<p>常用的网络连接设备</p>
<ol>
<li>调制解调器（猫），转换数字信号和模拟信号</li>
<li>中继器</li>
<li>交换机：使用目的MAC地址</li>
<li>路由器：使用目的IP地址</li>
<li>网络适配器，如RJ-45接口</li>
<li>无线AP（无线接入点）</li>
</ol>
<p>互联网发展：阿帕网</p>
<p>IP地址-ipv4：网络标志（确定主机所在的物理网络）和主机标志（确定了某一物理网络上的一台主机）</p>
<p>ipv4 32位二进制数</p>
<ul>
<li>A类：1-127 地址最高位固定0</li>
<li>B类：128-191 地址最高位固定 10</li>
<li>C类：192-223 地址最高位固定 110</li>
</ul>
<p>ipv6：128位</p>
<p>发送邮件：简单邮件传输协议（SMTP)</p>
<p>接受邮件：邮局协议（POP3）</p>
<p>文件传输协议（FTP)</p>
<h3 id="计算机系统安全知识"><a href="#计算机系统安全知识" class="headerlink" title="计算机系统安全知识"></a>计算机系统安全知识</h3><p>三方面保证计算机系统的安全</p>
<ol>
<li>技术安全</li>
<li>管理安全</li>
<li>法律安全</li>
</ol>
<p>计算机病毒：一种靠修改其他程序来插入或进行自身复制，从而感染其他程序的一段程序</p>
<p>计算机病毒的特征：</p>
<ol>
<li>传染性</li>
<li>寄生性</li>
<li>隐蔽性</li>
<li>触发性</li>
<li>破坏性</li>
</ol>
<p>计算机病毒的危害：</p>
<ol>
<li>破坏系统资源</li>
<li>占用系统资源</li>
</ol>
<p>黑客分类：</p>
<ul>
<li>白帽黑客</li>
<li>黑帽黑客</li>
<li>灰帽黑客</li>
</ul>
<p>黑客攻击方式：</p>
<ul>
<li>程序后门</li>
<li>获取密码：技术手段</li>
<li>网络钓鱼：欺骗手段</li>
<li>拒绝服务工具（DoS）</li>
</ul>
<p>防火墙技术 保护内网</p>
<p>防火墙的功能：</p>
<ol>
<li>访问控制</li>
<li>内容控制</li>
<li>日志记录</li>
<li>安全管理</li>
<li>内部信息保护</li>
</ol>
<p>入侵检测技术</p>
<p>入侵检测是对入侵计算机及网络系统的行为的检测</p>
<p>入侵检测机系统的功能</p>
<ol>
<li>监控、分析用户和系统的活动AAAAA</li>
<li>发现入侵企图或异常现象</li>
<li>记录、报警和响应</li>
<li>友好的用户界面</li>
</ol>
<p>数据加密技术分为对称加密和非对称加密</p>
<p>加密是把明文通过混拆、替换和重组等方式变换成对应的密文</p>
<p>古典加密方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>恺撒密码</li>
<li>多字符替换</li>
<li>二进制运算</li>
</ol>
<p>A XOR  B XOR B &#x3D; A</p>
<p>现代加密方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>私钥加密 对称加密算法 DES RES</li>
<li>公钥加密 非对称加密算法<br>公钥用来加密，私钥用来解密<br>RSA算法</li>
</ol>
<p>安全认证技术</p>
<ul>
<li>消息认证：防篡改<br>发送方和接收方都通过认证密钥输入认证算法从信息计算出消息认证码（MAC）</li>
<li>数字签名：防抵赖</li>
<li>PKI：公钥基础设施<br>是一种提供公钥加密、数字签名和数字证书等服务的管理平台</li>
</ul>
<p>电子商务：</p>
<ul>
<li>B2B企业与企业</li>
<li>B2C企业与消费者</li>
<li>C2C消费者与消费者</li>
</ul>
<p>B business C consumer</p>
<p>物联网：Internet of things（IoT）</p>
<h3 id="人工智能知识"><a href="#人工智能知识" class="headerlink" title="人工智能知识"></a>人工智能知识</h3><p>1956年，会上第一次正式使用了“人工智能”，标记着学科诞生</p>
<ul>
<li>弱人工智能（限制领域人工智能或应用型人工智能）：指专注于且只能解决特定领域问题的人工智能</li>
<li>强人工智能（通用人工智能&#x2F;完全人工智能），指可以胜任人类所有工作的人工智能，至少要具备一个普通人的多项智能</li>
</ul>
<p>人工智能的发展：</p>
<ol>
<li>推理期</li>
<li>知识期</li>
<li>学习期</li>
</ol>
<p>人工智能研究的不同学派：</p>
<ol>
<li>符号主义</li>
<li>连接主义</li>
<li>行为主义</li>
</ol>
<p>人工智能的实现方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>搜索方法</li>
<li>逻辑推理方法</li>
<li>机器学习方法</li>
</ol>
<p>人工智能发展带来的挑战：</p>
<ol>
<li>就业结构</li>
<li>法律和社会伦理</li>
<li>个人隐私保护</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="思维导图"><a href="#思维导图" class="headerlink" title="思维导图"></a>思维导图</h2><p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d18375ba.jpg" alt="1计算机发展简史.jpg"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1b96a4a.jpg" alt="2进制及其转换.jpg"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1c86312.jpg" alt="3计算机中的数据表示.jpg"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d177040e.png" alt="4计算机硬件知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1c90031.png" alt="5操作系统知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1ac596b.png" alt="6程序设计知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1771f0e.png" alt="7软件开发知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d1ba9186.png" alt="8计算机网络知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0d19e51ec.png" alt="9计算机系统安全知识.png"></p>
<p><img src="http://img.sevin.cn/i/2025/01/07/677d0e2cc7f31.png" alt="10人工智能知识.png"></p>
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card-announcement"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-bullhorn fa-shake"></i><span>公告</span></div><div class="announcement_content">欢迎来Sevin的小窝窝取暖QWQ</div></div><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span><span class="toc-percentage"></span></div><div class="toc-content is-expand"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%BC%E8%AE%BA%E5%A4%8D%E4%B9%A0"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机导论复习</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">前言</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%A2%98%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">题型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">内容</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2"><span class="toc-number">1.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机发展简史</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA"><span class="toc-number">1.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机中的数据表示</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机硬件知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">操作系统知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">程序设计知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">软件开发知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机网络知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机系统安全知识</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">人工智能知识</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%9B%BE"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">思维导图</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" href="/posts/42943/" title="搜索算法讲解"><img src="https://api.sevin.cn/api/img/ecy/%20(81).jpg" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="搜索算法讲解"/></a><div class="content"><a class="title" href="/posts/42943/" title="搜索算法讲解">搜索算法讲解</a><time datetime="2025-07-06T21:31:11.000Z" title="发表于 2025-07-06 21:31:11">2025-07-06</time></div></div><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" href="/posts/54030/" title="哈夫曼编码：数据压缩的优雅艺术"><img src="https://api.sevin.cn/api/img/ecy/%20(149).jpg" 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